Mark A. Wainberg

25 years of HIV-1 research – progress and perspectives (2008)

Wainberg, Mark A, Jeang, Kuan-Teh

Abstract Twenty-five years after the discovery and isolation of the human immunodeficiency virus by French and American scientists, much progress has been made in basic research, clinical treatment,...

Benefits of an educational program for journalists on media coverage of HIV/AIDS in developing countries (2008)

Martinez-Cajas, Jorge L, Invernizzi, Cédric F, Ntemgwa, Michel, Schader, Susan M, Wainberg, Mark A

Abstract Objective a) To assess the suitability of the curriculum content and didactical quality of information delivered to educate journalists in the J2J program in HIV/AIDS (process evaluation)...

Journal of the International AIDS Society: an important step forward (2008)

Wainberg, Mark A, Katabira, Elly, Heidari, Shirin

Abstract This editorial welcomes readers to the launch of Journal of the International AIDS society.

Highly diversified multiply drug-resistant HIV-1 quasispecies in PBMCs: a case report (2008)

Quan, Yudong, Brenner, Bluma G, Dascal, André, Wainberg, Mark A

Abstract Background Although drug resistance is a major challenge in HIV therapy, the effect of drug resistance mutations on HIV evolution in vivo is not well understood. We have now investigated...

Recovery of fitness of a live attenuated simian immunodeficiency virus through compensation in both the coding and non-coding regions of the viral genome (2007)

Whitney, James B, Wainberg, Mark A

Abstract We have analyzed a SIV deletion mutant that was compromised both in viral replication and RNA packaging. Serial passage of this variant in two different T-cell lines resulted in compensatory...

Impact of the 16thInternational Conference on AIDS: can these conferences lead to policy change? (2007)

Gayle, Helene, Wainberg, Mark A

Abstract This Commentary reflects on the success of the XVI International Conference on AIDS, that was held in Toronto between August 13–18, 2006. Not only was the Conference judged to have been a...

New pandemics: HIV and AIDS, HCV and chronic hepatitis, Influenza virus and flu (2007)

Gatignol, Anne, Dubuisson, Jean, Wainberg, Mark A, Cohen, Éric A, Darlix, Jean-Luc

Abstract New pandemics are a serious threat to the health of the entire world. They are essentially of viral origin and spread at large speed. A meeting on this topic was held in Lyon, France, within...

Impaired RNA incorporation and dimerization in live attenuated leader-variants of SIVmac239 (2006)

Whitney, James B, Wainberg, Mark A

Abstract Background The 5' untranslated region (UTR) or leader sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV mac239 ) is multifunctional and harbors the regulatory elements for viral replication,...

PRMT6 diminishes HIV-1 Rev binding to and export of viral RNA (2006)

Invernizzi, Cédric F, Xie, Baode, Richard, Stéphane, Wainberg, Mark A

Abstract Background The HIV-1 Rev protein mediates nuclear export of unspliced and partially spliced viral RNA through interaction with the Rev response element (RRE) by means of an arginine rich...

The XVI International Conference on AIDS: The place to be! (2006)

Wainberg, Mark A

Abstract This editorial represents a plea to retrovirologists to attend the XVI International Conference on AIDS that will take place in Toronto, Canada between August 13–18, 2006. In short, it is...

Is HIV-1 RNA dimerization a prerequisite for packaging? Yes, no, probably? (2004)

Russell, Rodney S, Liang, Chen, Wainberg, Mark A

Abstract During virus assembly, all retroviruses specifically encapsidate two copies of full-length viral genomic RNA in the form of a non-covalently linked RNA dimer. The absolute conservation of...

3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) mediates cross-resistance to nucleoside analogs in the case of AZT-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants. (1998)

Arts, Eric J., Albright, Jamie L., Marois, James-Paul, Hough, Charles, Gu, Zhengxian, ...

Difficulties in deciphering the mechanisms of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT)-resistance by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants are due in part to an inability to reconstitute...

The Thiocarboxanilide Nonnucleoside Inhibitor UC781 Restores Antiviral Activity of 3′-Azido-3′-Deoxythymidine (AZT) against AZT-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Borkow, Gadi, Arion, Dominique, Wainberg, Mark A., Parniak, Michael A.

N-[4-Chloro-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyloxy)phenyl]-2-methyl-3-furancarbothioamide (UC781) is an exceptionally potent nonnucleoside inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse...

Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Activity, Intracellular Metabolism, and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of 2′-Deoxy-3′-Oxa-4′-Thiocytidine

De Muys, Jean-Marc, Gourdeau, Henriette, Nguyen-Ba, Nghe, Taylor, Debra L., Ahmed, Parvin S., Mansour, Tarek, ...

The racemic nucleoside analogue 2′-deoxy-3′-oxa-4′-thiocytidine (dOTC) is in clinical development for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) infection. dOTC is...

Mechanism of Action and In Vitro Activity of 1′,3′-Dioxolanylpurine Nucleoside Analogues against Sensitive and Drug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants

Gu, Zhengxian, Wainberg, Mark A., Nguyen-Ba, Nghe, L’Heureux, Lucille, De Muys, Jean-Marc, Bowlin, Terry L., ...

(−)-β-d-1′,3′-Dioxolane guanosine (DXG) and 2,6-diaminopurine (DAPD) dioxolanyl nucleoside analogues have been reported to be potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)....

Selection and Characterization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Resistant to the (+) and (−) Enantiomers of 2′-Deoxy-3′-Oxa-4′-Thio-5-Fluorocytidine

Richard, Nathalie, Salomon, Horacio, Rando, Robert, Mansour, Tarek, Bowlin, Terry L., Wainberg, Mark A.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) variants were selected for resistance to the (+) and (−) enantiomers of a novel nucleoside analogue, 2′-deoxy-3′-oxa-4′-thio-5-fluorocytidine...

Leader Sequences Downstream of the Primer Binding Site Are Important for Efficient Replication of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Guan, Yongjun, Whitney, James B., Diallo, Karidia, Wainberg, Mark A.

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques is remarkably similar to that of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in humans, and the SIV-macaque system is a good model for AIDS...

The effect of mutations in the HIV-1 nucleocapsid protein on strand transfer in cell-free reverse transcription reactions

Hsu, Mayla, Rong, Liwei, Rocquigny, Hugues De, Roques, Bernard P., Wainberg, Mark A.

Interactions between the nucleocapsid protein (NC) and reverse transcriptase of HIV-1 have been shown to promote the initiation of reverse transcription. We assayed the effect of NC on later events,...

The Role of Pr55gag in the Annealing of tRNA3Lys to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genomic RNA

Cen, Shan, Huang, Yue, Khorchid, Ahmad, Darlix, Jean-Luc, Wainberg, Mark A., Kleiman, Lawrence

During human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) assembly, the primer tRNA for the reverse transcriptase-catalyzed synthesis of minus-strand strong-stop cDNA, tRNA3Lys, is selectively packaged into...

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 reverse transcription can be inhibited in vitro by oligonucleotides that target both natural and synthetic tRNA primers

Wei, Xin, Götte, Matthias, Wainberg, Mark A.

Reverse transcription of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 is primed by cellular tRNALys3, which is selectively packaged into viral particles where it is bound at its 3′ terminus to a...

Efficient Gap Repair Catalyzed In Vitro by an Intrinsic DNA Polymerase Activity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase

Acel, Andrea, Udashkin, Brian E., Wainberg, Mark A., Faust, Emmanuel A.

Cleavage and DNA joining reactions, carried out by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase, are necessary to effect the covalent insertion of HIV-1 DNA into the host genome. For the...

The Role of Nucleocapsid and U5 Stem/A-Rich Loop Sequences in tRNA3Lys Genomic Placement and Initiation of Reverse Transcription in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Huang, Yue, Khorchid, Ahmad, Gabor, Juliana, Wang, Jing, Li, Xuguang, Darlix, Jean-Luc, ...

We have studied the effect of mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleocapsid (NC) sequence on tRNA3Lys genomic placement, i.e., the in vivo placement of primer tRNA3Lys on...

Compensatory Point Mutations in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Region That Are Distal from Deletion Mutations in the Dimerization Initiation Site Can Restore Viral Replication

Liang, Chen, Rong, Liwei, Laughrea, Michael, Kleiman, Lawrence, Wainberg, Mark A.

The dimerization initiation site (DIS), downstream of the long terminal repeat within the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome, can form a stem-loop structure (SL1) that has been shown...

3′-Azido-3′-Deoxythymidine (AZT) Mediates Cross-Resistance to Nucleoside Analogs in the Case of AZT-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants

Arts, Eric J., Quiñones-Mateu, Miguel E., Albright, Jamie L., Marois, James-Paul, Hough, Charles, Gu, Zhengxian, ...

Difficulties in deciphering the mechanisms of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT)-resistance by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants are due in part to an inability to reconstitute...

Roles of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nucleocapsid Protein in Annealing and Initiation versus Elongation in Reverse Transcription of Viral Negative-Strand Strong-Stop DNA

Rong, Liwei, Liang, Chen, Hsu, Mayla, Kleiman, Lawrence, Petitjean, Patrice, De Rocquigny, Hugues, ...

To study the initiation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcription, we have used the viral nucleocapsid protein (NC7) to anneal tRNA3Lys primer onto viral genomic RNA and have then...

Roles of Pr55gag and NCp7 in tRNA3Lys Genomic Placement and the Initiation Step of Reverse Transcription in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Cen, Shan, Khorchid, Ahmad, Gabor, Juliana, Rong, Liwei, Wainberg, Mark A., Kleiman, Lawrence

To study in vivo tRNA3Lys genomic placement and the initiation step of reverse transcription in human immunodeficiency virus type 1, total viral RNA isolated from either wild-type or...

The M184V Mutation in the Reverse Transcriptase of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Impairs Rescue of Chain-Terminated DNA Synthesis

Götte, Matthias, Arion, Dominique, Parniak, Michael A., Wainberg, Mark A.

Nucleoside analog chain terminators such as 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (3TC) represent an important class of drugs that are used in the clinic to...

Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Dimerization on Viral Infectivity and of Stem-Loop B on RNA Dimerization and Reverse Transcription and Dissociation of Dimerization from Packaging

Shen, Ni, Jetté, Louis, Liang, Chen, Wainberg, Mark A., Laughrea, Michael

The kissing-loop domain (KLD) encompasses a stem-loop, named kissing-loop or dimerization initiation site (DIS) hairpin (nucleotides [nt] 248 to 270 in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains...

Deletion Mutagenesis Downstream of the 5′ Long Terminal Repeat of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Is Compensated for by Point Mutations in both the U5 Region and gag Gene

Liang, Chen, Rong, Liwei, Russell, Rodney S., Wainberg, Mark A.

We have studied the role of an RNA region at nucleotides (nt) +200 to +233, just downstream of the 5′ long terminal repeat, in encapsidation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomic RNA....

Deletion Mutagenesis within the Dimerization Initiation Site of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Results in Delayed Processing of the p2 Peptide from Precursor Proteins

Liang, Chen, Rong, Liwei, Cherry, Elana, Kleiman, Lawrence, Laughrea, Michael, Wainberg, Mark A.

Previous work has shown that deletions of genomic segments at nucleotide (nt) positions +238 to +253, i.e., construct BH10-LD3, or nt positions +261 to +274, i.e., construct BH10-LD4, within the...

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Can Selectively Block the Synthesis of Differently Sized Viral DNA Transcripts in Cells Acutely Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Quan, Yudong, Rong, Liwei, Liang, Chen, Wainberg, Mark A.

We have recently reported that the in vitro inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcription by inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RT) occurred most efficiently when...

Mutations within Four Distinct Gag Proteins Are Required To Restore Replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 after Deletion Mutagenesis within the Dimerization Initiation Site

Liang, Chen, Rong, Liwei, Quan, Yudong, Laughrea, Michael, Kleiman, Lawrence, Wainberg, Mark A.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genomic RNA segments at nucleotide (nt) positions +240 to +274 are thought to form a stem-loop secondary structure, termed SL1, that serves as a...

Construction and In Vitro Properties of a Series of Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses with All Accessory Genes Deleted

Guan, Yongjun, Whitney, James B., Detorio, Mervi, Wainberg, Mark A.

We have generated simplified simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) constructs lacking the nef, vpr, vpx, vif, tat, and rev genes (Δ6 viruses). To accomplish this, we began with an infectious molecular...

Role of Stem B, Loop B, and Nucleotides next to the Primer Binding Site and the Kissing-Loop Domain in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication and Genomic-RNA Dimerization

Shen, Ni, Jetté, Louis, Wainberg, Mark A., Laughrea, Michael

Stem-loop B is a 12-nucleotide [nt]-long completely conserved sequence postulated to form a 4-bp stem and a 4-nt internal loop under the kissing-loop hairpin (klh) (nt 248 to 270) of human...

Partial Restoration of Replication of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus by Point Mutations in either the Dimerization Initiation Site (DIS) or Gag Region after Deletion Mutagenesis within the DIS

Guan, Yongjun, Diallo, Karidia, Detorio, Mervi, Whitney, James B., Liang, Chen, Wainberg, Mark A.

We used the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) molecular clone SIVmac239 to generate a deletion construct, termed SD2, in which we eliminated 22 nucleotides at positions +398 to +418 within the...

An Intact U5-Leader Stem Is Important for Efficient Replication of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Guan, Yongjun, Diallo, Karidia, Whitney, James B., Liang, Chen, Wainberg, Mark A.

Previous work has shown that four deletions in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), termed SD1a, SD1b, SD1c, and SD6, which eliminated sequences at nucleotide positions 322 to 362, 322 to 370, 322 to...

Hydrophobic Amino Acids in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 p2 and Nucleocapsid Proteins Can Contribute to the Rescue of Deleted Viral RNA Packaging Signals

Rong, Liwei, Russell, Rodney S., Hu, Jing, Guan, Yongjun, Kleiman, Lawrence, Liang, Chen, ...

An RNA fragment of 75 nucleotides, which is located between the primer binding site and the 5′ major splice donor site in human immunodeficiency virus type 1, has been shown to participate in...

Role for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Tat Protein in Suppression of Viral Reverse Transcriptase Activity during Late Stages of Viral Replication

Kameoka, Masanori, Rong, Liwei, Götte, Matthias, Liang, Chen, Russell, Rodney S., Wainberg, Mark A.

We have examined the role of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat protein in the regulation of reverse transcription. We show that a two-exon but not a one-exon form of Tat markedly...

Novel, Live Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Constructs Containing Major Deletions in Leader RNA Sequences

Guan, Yongjun, Whitney, James B., Liang, Chen, Wainberg, Mark A.

We have constructed a series of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) mutants containing deletions within a 97-nucleotide (nt) region of the leader sequence. Deletions in this region markedly decreased...

Genetic Divergence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Ethiopian Clade C Reverse Transcriptase (RT) and Rapid Development of Resistance against Nonnucleoside Inhibitors of RT

Loemba, Hugues, Brenner, Bluma, Parniak, Michael A., Ma'ayan, Shlomo, Spira, Bonnie, Moisi, Daniela, ...

We sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed the reverse transcriptase (RT) region of five human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from treatment-naive Ethiopian émigrés to Israel. Heteroduplex...

Pressure of Zidovudine Accelerates the Reversion of Lamivudine Resistance-Conferring M184V Mutation in the Reverse Transcriptase of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Diallo, Karidia, Oliveira, Maureen, Moisi, Daniela, Brenner, Bluma, Wainberg, Mark A., Götte, Matthias

We cultured lamivudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants over an extended period of time in the presence of zidovudine and observed a premature reversion of the...

Persistence and Fitness of Multidrug-Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Acquired in Primary Infection

Brenner, Bluma G., Routy, Jean-Pierre, Petrella, Marco, Moisi, Daniela, Oliveira, Maureen, Detorio, Mervi, ...

This study examines the persistence and fitness of multidrug-resistant (MDR) viruses acquired during primary human immunodeficiency virus infection (PHI). In four individuals, MDR infections...

The Tat Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Can Promote Placement of tRNA Primer onto Viral RNA and Suppress Later DNA Polymerization in HIV-1 Reverse Transcription

Kameoka, Masanori, Morgan, Max, Binette, Marc, Russell, Rodney S., Rong, Liwei, Guo, Xiaofeng, ...

Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 Tat has been proposed to play a role in the regulation of reverse transcription. We previously demonstrated that wild-type Tat can augment viral infectivity by...

Role of RNA in Facilitating Gag/Gag-Pol Interaction

Khorchid, Ahmad, Halwani, Rabih, Wainberg, Mark A., Kleiman, Lawrence

We have examined the influence of RNA upon the interaction of Gag-Pol with Gag during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) assembly. COS7 cells were transfected with protease-negative HIV-1...

Virulence and Reduced Fitness of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus with the M184V Mutation in Reverse Transcriptase

Matthews, Tim B., Higgins, Joanne, Canfield, Don R., Tarara, Ross P., Wainberg, Mark A., ...

Drug-resistant mutants with a methionine-to-valine substitution at position 184 of reverse transcriptase (M184V) emerged within 5 weeks of initiation of therapy in four newborn macaques infected with...

Characterization of a Putative α-Helix across the Capsid-SP1 Boundary That Is Critical for the Multimerization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag

Liang, Chen, Hu, Jing, Russell, Rodney S., Roldan, Ariel, Kleiman, Lawrence, Wainberg, Mark A.

A 14-amino-acid spacer peptide termed SP1 that separates the capsid (CA) and nucleocapsid (NC) sequences plays an active role in the assembly of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. This activity of...

The M184V Mutation in Reverse Transcriptase Can Delay Reversion of Attenuated Variants of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus

Whitney, James B., Oliveira, Maureen, Detorio, Mervi, Guan, Yongjun, Wainberg, Mark A.

We previously constructed a series of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) mutants containing deletions within a 97-nucleotide region of the SIVmac239 untranslated region or leader sequence. However,...

Sequences Downstream of the 5′ Splice Donor Site Are Required for both Packaging and Dimerization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA

Russell, Rodney S., Hu, Jing, Bériault, Véronique, Mouland, Andrew J., Kleiman, Lawrence, Wainberg, Mark A., ...

Two copies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA are incorporated into each virus particle and are further converted to a stable dimer as the virus particle matures. Several RNA segments that...

Replication of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Engineered with Heterologous Tat-Transactivation Response Element Interactions

Xie, Baode, Wainberg, Mark A., Frankel, Alan D.

Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) and the related bovine lentiviruses bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and Jembrana disease virus (JDV) utilize the viral Tat protein to activate viral...

A Structurally Disordered Region at the C Terminus of Capsid Plays Essential Roles in Multimerization and Membrane Binding of the Gag Protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Liang, Chen, Hu, Jing, Whitney, James B., Kleiman, Lawrence, Wainberg, Mark A.

Crystal structures of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid protein (CA) reveal that the last 11 C-terminal amino acids are disordered. This disordered region contains a glycine-rich...

Lamivudine Can Exert a Modest Antiviral Effect against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Containing the M184V Mutation

Quan, Yudong, Brenner, Bluma G., Oliveira, Maureen, Wainberg, Mark A.

The M184V mutation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase is associated with high-level resistance to both (−)2′,3′-dideoxy-3′-thiacytidine (3TC) and...

The M184V Substitution in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase Delays the Development of Resistance to Amprenavir and Efavirenz in Subtype B and C Clinical Isolates†

Diallo, Karidia, Brenner, Bluma, Oliveira, Maureen, Moisi, Daniela, Detorio, Mervi, Götte, Matthias, ...

The M184V substitution in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT), encoding high-level resistance to lamivudine (3TC), results in decreased HIV-1 replicative capacity,...

Diminished RNA Primer Usage Associated with the L74V and M184V Mutations in the Reverse Transcriptase of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Provides a Possible Mechanism for Diminished Viral Replication Capacity†

Diallo, Karidia, Marchand, Bruno, Wei, Xin, Cellai, Luciano, Götte, Matthias, Wainberg, Mark A.

The emergence of drug resistance-conferring mutations can severely compromise the success of chemotherapy directed against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The M184V and/or L74V mutation...

Effects of a Single Amino Acid Substitution within the p2 Region of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 on Packaging of Spliced Viral RNA

Russell, Rodney S., Roldan, Ariel, Detorio, Mervi, Hu, Jing, Wainberg, Mark A., Liang, Chen

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encapsidates two copies of viral genomic RNA in the form of a dimer. The dimerization process initiates via a 6-nucleotide palindrome that constitutes the loop of...

Selection of TAR RNA-Binding Chameleon Peptides by Using a Retroviral Replication System

Xie, Baode, Calabro, Valerie, Wainberg, Mark A., Frankel, Alan D.

The interaction between the arginine-rich motif (ARM) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Tat protein and TAR RNA is essential for Tat activation and viral replication. Two related...

Lack of Effect of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone on the In Vitro Activities of Antiretroviral Drugs against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Wainberg, Mark A, Brenner, Bluma G., Daar, Eric, Gertner, Joseph M., Olivier, Clement, Kenley, Susan

We studied the effects of recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH) on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by growing both wild-type and drug-resistant variants of virus in the presence of...

Nucleotide and Amino Acid Polymorphisms at Drug Resistance Sites in Non-B-Subtype Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Turner, Dan, Brenner, Bluma, Moisi, Daniela, Detorio, Mervi, Cesaire, Raymond, Kurimura, Takashi, ...

We have compared nucleotide substitutions and polymorphisms at codons known to confer drug resistance in subtype B strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with similar substitutions in...