Scientific Commons: Kimberly Ritola

Macrophage Tropism of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates from Brain and Lymphoid Tissues Predicts Neurotropism Independent of Coreceptor Specificity

Gorry, Paul R., Bristol, Greg, Zack, Jerome A., Ritola, Kimberly, Swanstrom, Ronald, Birch, Chris J., ...

The viral determinants that underlie human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) neurotropism are unknown, due in part to limited studies on viruses isolated from brain. Previous studies suggest that...

Multiple V1/V2 env Variants Are Frequently Present during Primary Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

Ritola, Kimberly, Pilcher, Christopher D., Fiscus, Susan A., Hoffman, Noah G., Nelson, Julie A. E., Kitrinos, Kathryn M., ...

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exists as a complex population of multiple genotypic variants in persons with chronic infection. However, acute HIV-1 infection via sexual transmission is...

Compartmentalized Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Present in Cerebrospinal Fluid Is Produced by Short-Lived Cells

Harrington, Patrick R., Haas, David W., Ritola, Kimberly, Swanstrom, Ronald

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) invades the central nervous system (CNS) during primary infection and persists in this compartment by unknown mechanisms over the course of infection. In...

Increased Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) env Compartmentalization in the Presence of HIV-1-Associated Dementia

Ritola, Kimberly, Robertson, Kevin, Fiscus, Susan A., Hall, Colin, Swanstrom, Ronald

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) surface Env protein has been implicated in the development of HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD). HIV-1 env diversity was analyzed by heteroduplex...